Occupational Safety and Health Administration †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Answer: Introduction The establishment of a safety culture in hospitals and clinical settings is the preliminary requirement for the systematic enhancement of the healthcare outcomes. The development of an efficient safety culture is based on the configuration of a systematic error and incident reporting system in medical facilities (El-Jardali, Dimassi, Jamal, Jaafar, Hemadeh, 2011). The formulation of expert leadership and management systems with special focus on organizational learning and safety of patients leads to the reciprocal reduction in the length of patients stay in the inpatient units as well as the frequency of adverse events. The research community needs to effectively correlate the outcomes and predictors of safety culture in healthcare facilities for effectively enhancing the quality of healthcare interventions in accordance with the treatment goals. The healthcare teams require assessing the safety culture dimensions in clinical settings with the objective of improving the level of pat ient satisfaction as well as compliance with the recommended treatment regimen (Wagner. Smits, Sorra, Huang, 2013). The comparative analysis of the safety cultures of various medical facilities is highly required for exploring the potential opportunities in the healthcare practice management system. The development of a systematic safety culture requires the development of an effective action management system while ensuring the safety of the associated healthcare teams as well as the treated patients (USDOL, 2017). The systematic participation of healthcare workers in the configuration of safe and effective medical practices is proactively required for reducing the scope of occurrence of errors and associated adversities during medical management (USDOL, 2017). Healthcare professionals require utilizing protective equipment in the healthcare settings in the context of reducing the scope of injuries and traumatic events during medical interventions. The hospital administration requ ires publishing acceptable safety norms for their effective compliance by the healthcare teams as well as other staff members during the working hours (USDOL, 2017). The safety culture norms endorse the requirement of systematic socialization of the new members of the healthcare teams following the process of their induction in the clinical settings. Evidence-based research literature considers patient safety culture as a significant attribute requiring analysis for evaluating the healthcare quality in the clinical settings (Nie, et al., 2013). The research analysis by (Nie, et al., 2013) defines the patient safety culture in terms of the pattern of behaviour and values of healthcare teams that effectively motivates them in the context of practising proactive measures for reducing the risk of patient harm in the clinical settings. Indeed, the establishment of a positive attitude of the healthcare workers, physicians, nursing professionals and paramedical teams towards the acquisitio n of patient safety culture is highly required for reducing the prevalence of patient adversities in the clinical settings (Nie, et al., 2013). The establishment of a safer healthcare system will not only improve the quality of healthcare services but also advocate the acknowledgement of ethical concerns of the treated patients for enhancing their level of trust and confidence on the patient care strategies. This academic essay discusses in length regarding the safety culture issues and their systematic implications on the quality of treatment interventions as well as patient care outcomes in the medical facilities. A critical analysis of the issues involved The patient safety culture across the hospitals and medical facilities varies in accordance with the pattern of medication inadequacies, feedback exchange mechanism, event reporting system, communication protocols, team work, staffing level and working hours of the healthcare teams (Wami, Demssie, Wassie, Ahmed, 2016). The development of patient morbidities and mortalities on a global scale occurs under the influence of unsafe medical practices that continue to downgrade the care giving process across the hospital environment. Hospital organizational culture that facilitates the blame process between the healthcare professionals leads to the reduction in accountability towards medical interventions (Wami, Demssie, Wassie, Ahmed, 2016). Resultantly, the healthcare teams refrain from administering safe medical practices and refrain from taking the responsibility for the quality and safety of the clinical procedures. Patient safety culture also deteriorates under the influence of lack of healthcare resources and safety management practices. Absence of consistent communication between the healthcare teams and the treated patients leads to their abstinence in exploring the healthcare flaws across the hospital environment. Lack of patients participation in their safety programs decreases their level of awareness regarding treatment interventions and the associated adversities (Wami, Demssie, Wassie, Ahmed, 2016). This reciprocally increases the risk of patients towards acquiring adverse treatment outcomes and associated complications. The capacity and position of the work premises, hospital characteristics and responded attributes considerably influence the pattern of patient safety culture in the clinical settings. Moreover, the absence of critical support systems in the hospital settings leads to the substantial degradation of patient safety culture (Wami, Demssie, Wassie, Ahmed, 2016). The lack of hospital funding on the maintenance of health and hygiene recip rocally compromises the safety of medical interventions and increases the risk of patients towards acquiring the pattern of nosocomial infections and their deleterious complications. The healthcare agencies therefore, require undertaking systematic measures for the effective configuration of patient safety standards, tools, guidelines and strategies for reducing the occurrence of patient adversities in medical practice (Wami, Demssie, Wassie, Ahmed, 2016). The research analysis by (Alonazi, Alonazi, Saeed, Mohamed, 2016) reveals the pattern of sub-optimal safety culture among nurse professionals in tertiary care hospitals. This increasingly leads to the unreported occurrence of medication errors and associated patient adversities. Therefore, the configuration and implementation of a systematic error reporting system are necessarily warranted in tertiary care settings with the objective of reducing the scope of patient fatalities under the influence of inappropriate therapeutic adm inistration. The research study by (Noort, Reader, Shorrock, Kirwan, 2016) affirms an inverse relationship between patient safety culture and the cultural tendencies of people for avoiding the state of uncertainty. The uncertainty states might arise under the influence under the influence of ambiguous circumstances that could lead to the development of anxiety in the healthcare teams (Noort, Reader, Shorrock, Kirwan, 2016). The avoidance of these circumstances by the healthcare professionals results in deterioration of safety protocols that resultantly degrades the quality and efficacy of the administered healthcare interventions. The national cultural practices followed by the healthcare teams remain out of the direct control of the hospital management and considerably influence safety-related beliefs and attitudes of healthcare professionals. This rationally indicates the requirement of modifying the beliefs and apprehensions of the healthcare professionals regarding patient saf ety attitudes and practices for establishing a safe healthcare environment in the clinical settings. The absence of well-defined safety benchmarks in the hospital settings leads to the development of various misconceptions regarding the safety and efficacy of healthcare interventions. These safety misconceptions among healthcare teams and patient population lead to the sustained deterioration in the quality of healthcare services in the hospital environment. The countries experiencing elevated level of UA (uncertainty avoidance) index require following the safety benchmarks established by SIGN (safety culture against international group norms) convention for identifying and implementing the best safety practices in their healthcare settings (Noort, Reader, Shorrock, Kirwan, 2016). Reasons for the change The establishment of an effective safety culture is necessarily warranted with the objective of elevating the healthcare competencies of the medical professionals (Weaver, Lubomski, Wilson, 2013). The healthcare behavioural modification of the healthcare teams will not only improve their clinical proficiency, but also enhance the commitment towards acquiring goal-oriented treatment outcomes in the shortest timeframe. The enhancement of the pattern of communication between the healthcare professionals will improve their mutual trust and enhance the multidisciplinary coordination for the reciprocal improvement in the treatment outcomes (Weaver, Lubomski, Wilson, 2013). The modification in the safety culture aetiology will not only improve the safety culture perceptions of the healthcare providers but also enhance their patient-handling behaviour in the clinical settings. This will resultantly promote the establishment of an effective safety culture warranted for the qualitative enhan cement of healthcare outcomes (Weaver, Lubomski, Wilson, 2013). The unit-based improvement interventions, executive engagement approaches and team training strategies include some of the most effective measures warranting implementation for the systematic enhancement of patient safety practices in the healthcare settings. The utilization of these interdisciplinary and multifaceted patient-centred approaches is the need of the hour that promises for reducing the risk of patient adversities during and after the administration of treatment interventions (Weaver, Lubomski, Wilson, 2013). The greater resistive force or barriers to the establishment of patients safety culture include the deteriorated communication between the healthcare teams, absence of resources, time-deficit as well as elevated workloads of the medical professionals (Zecevic, Li , Ngo , Halligan , Kothari , 2017). The facilitators of patient safety culture establishment include the hospital management systems, federal governments, nurses, physicians, social groups, non-profit organizations and patient population (Zecevic, Li, Ngo, Halligan, Kothari, 2017). The limitation of healthcare staff leads to the frequent movement of the healthcare team members between the new and established patients that eventually reduces the assessment time and deterioration in the healthcare outcomes. The limitation in hospital beds leads to their sharing between the patients that substantially elevates the pattern of cross-infection and associated adverse manifestations (Landefeld, Sivaraman, Arora, 2015). Acute shor tages in medicine stock lead to the acquisition of the missing drug from outside of the hospital premises. Purchased medicine might differ from the recommended drug in terms of dosage and concentration that could adversely affect the pattern of drug response and associated treatment outcomes (Landefeld, Sivaraman, Arora, 2015). The inappropriate professional culture in the medical facilities leads to the unnecessary administration of investigations due to the defensive attitude of the treating physicians after the occurrence of an adverse treatment episode. This unprofessional culture proves to be the biggest constraint in the establishment of safe medical practices in the healthcare settings (Landefeld, Sivaraman, Arora, 2015). The unwillingness of the nursing team (due to additional work load) in attaining healthcare training also restrains the implementation of an appropriate patient safety culture between the medical teams. The absence of patient education interventions leads to the unnecessary administration of injections on demand by the patient population in the context of acquiring an immediate cure (Landefeld, Sivaraman, Arora, 2015). This results in the occurrence of adverse reactions and resultant patient fatalities. These evidence-based facts warrant the requirement of utilizing systematic safety culture approaches for overcoming the pattern of avoidable patient adversities in the healthcare settings. Evidence-based strategies for the implementation of patient safety culture The hospital management systems require the effective incorporation of electronic health record (EHR) for the systematic promotion of patient safety culture. The systematic implementation of EHR will not only reduce the unnecessary healthcare cost, but also decrease the frequency of medication errors in hospital settings (Ford, Silvera, Kazley, Diana, Huerta, 2016). Healthcare professionals need to develop safety climate with the objective of facilitating the establishment of safety culture across the hospital environment (Halligan Zecevic, 2011). Safety climate requires inculcation while modifying the perceptions of healthcare teams in relation to the establishment of patient safety in their medical facility (Hoffmann, et al., 2013). The establishment of organizational safety climate will positively influence the attitudes and motivation of healthcare professionals. The enhancement of these attributes will eventually facilitate the implementation of patient safety measures warrant ed for the systematic improvement of the quality of healthcare interventions and associated safety outcomes (Hoffmann, et al., 2013). Survey intervention by (Farup, 2015) reveals the reciprocal relationship between the pattern of adverse events and patient safety culture in the clinical settings. This rationally indicates the requirement of consistent improvement in patients safety culture for reducing the frequency of adverse treatment outcomes. The findings of systematic analysis by (DiCuccio, 2015) advocate the requirement of utilizing PSCMT (patient safety culture measurement tools) for evaluating the pattern of patient safety culture and associated treatment outcomes in the clinical settings. Evidence-based clinical literature recommends the regular evaluation of pertinent patient information by the registered nurse professionals and treating physicians for the systematic improvement in safety outcomes. Therefore, the treating clinicians must evaluate patients functional status, risk of falls, allergy history, pain management pattern, laboratory/radiology findings and abnormal vital signs for reducing the risk of occurrence of adverse patient outcomes in the clinical setting (White, Dudley-Brown, Terhaar, 2016, pp. 402-404). The survey intervention administered by (Lee, Phan, Dorman, Weaver, Pronovost, 2016) attempted to evaluate the influence of clinical handoffs on the patient safety culture. The findings advocate the requirement of improving the behaviour, attitude and perception of healthcare teams for the effective implementation of safety protocols (during clinical handover) in the context of reducing the scope of adverse patient outcomes (Lee, Phan, Dorman, Weaver, Pronovost, 2016). Survey intervention by researchers appears to be the only methodological approach utilized by researchers for the systematic evaluation of patient safety culture in healthcare settings. Decision-making processes involved Healthcare professionals require undertaking calculated evidence-based decisions while handling medical emergencies in the context of reducing the prevalence of adverse patient outcomes across the healthcare settings (OHara, et al., 2014). Physicians and nurses must identify the extent of patients vulnerability to the development of adverse treatment outcomes and accordingly utilize various risk aversion strategies while considering the available healthcare resources as well as the treatment requirements. The treating physicians, nurses and other members of the healthcare teams require undertaking collaborative efforts in the context of improving the pattern of their interpersonal relationships, job satisfaction and team work for the effective enhancement of organizational safety culture and associated patient outcomes (Krner, Wirtz, Bengel, Gritz, 2015). These decision-making strategies and collaborative interventions substantially improve the pattern of patient safety culture in t he healthcare settings. The systematic solution for implementing an evidence-based patient safety culture across hospital environment attributes to the implantation of an effective, transparent and non-punitive event reporting system (Kear Ulrich, 2015). This event reporting system will facilitate the timely recording of healthcare adversities for their effective mitigation. Furthermore, the periodic organization of safety meetings and safety huddles by healthcare teams would also suffice the requirement of establishing patient safety culture in the clinical settings (Kear Ulrich, 2015). Medical practitioners need to enhance their medication administration as well as fall reduction strategies for reducing the scope of occurrence of patient fatalities under the influence of inappropriate treatment interventions (Kear Ulrich, 2015). The research analysis by (Parker, Wensing, Esmail, Valderas, 2015) indicates the requirement of improving healthcare processes, rather than the care outcomes for the systemati c establishment of safety culture in the hospital settings. Healthcare professionals need to conceptualize the patient safety culture in the context of its equitable establishment across the hospital environment (Parker, Wensing, Esmail, Valderas, 2015). The physicians also require exploring the causes of nosocomial infections and undertake preventive and prophylactic measures for reducing the pattern of their occurrence. The organization of healthcare awareness sessions is necessarily required for improving the standards of health and hygiene in the hospital locations. The utilization of hand hygiene measures proves to be highly effective in preventing the progression of hospital acquired infections in healthcare settings (Parker, Wensing, Esmail, Valderas, 2015). Evidence-based analysis by (Hessels, Murray, Cohen, Larson, 2017) advocates the requirement of periodic administration of nursing home and hospital surveys with the objective of determining the pattern of patient safet y culture in the healthcare facilities. Outcomes of these survey interventions require the systematic analysis by the research professionals in the context of mitigating the sustained patient safety deficits in the healthcare system. For example, the staffing deficit in the healthcare facilities warrants mitigation through the deployment of additional staff or by imparting work management training to the existing physicians, nurses and other medical professionals associated with the hospital setting. The systematic documentation of adverse events is necessarily required with the objective of undertaking proactive measures for reducing the scope of their recurrence in the healthcare settings (Bertozzi, 2016). The researchers and healthcare professionals also require exploring the untoward events risks associated with each medical intervention for configuring the appropriate mitigating strategies warranted for the systematic handling of healthcare adversities. The hospital, clinical s ettings and rehabilitative facilities require publishing their healthcare outcomes in an unbiased and non-competitive manner with the objective of configuring elevated reliability approaches for the systematic enhancement of patient safety outcomes (Lyren , Brilli , Bird , Lashutka , Muething , 2016). Healthcare professionals require sharing their workplace experiences as well as thinking pattern regarding the safe medical interventions and their associated patient outcomes (Tomazoni, Rocha, Souza, Anders, Malfussi, 2014). Accordingly, the hospital administration would need to configure the best practice strategies for the systematic enhancement of wellness outcomes in the medical facilities. The healthcare professionals require exploring the confounding factors associated with the HSOPS (Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture) tool in the context of determining the extent of bias in the findings of the hospital surveys conducted for exploring the pattern of patient safety cult ure in the hospital settings (Moghri, et al., 2013). Subsequently, the researchers could derive a more valid conclusion regarding the ingredients of patient safety culture and associated healthcare outcomes. Identification of the key stakeholders The key stakeholders in the establishment of patient safety culture include the patients, healthcare teams, administrators, healthcare funding agencies, consultants, managers, commissioners, patient safety leaders as well as professional bodies (Millar, Freeman, Mannion, 2015). Additionally, the regulatory bodies, universities, social welfare organizations and physicians and nurses communities play a significant role in the maintenance of patient safety culture in the hospital settings. These stakeholders remain accountable for the external and internal regulation of patient safety culture through the administration of risk management interventions in the medical facilities. Each stakeholder will obtain significant benefits after the systematic enhancement of patient safety practices and positive outcomes. The establishment of patient safety culture will substantially streamline the workload of nurses and physicians while reducing their unnecessary engagement in handing the medical emergencies arising under the influence of unsafe medical interventions. The reduction in the frequency of adverse events and associated patient fatalities would reciprocally reduce the cost of additional clinical interventions warranting administration for the effective mitigation of the adverse patient outcomes. Eventually, healthcare funding agencies could utilize the saved expenses in cost-effectively regulating the healthcare revenue cycle. The social welfare organizations and regulatory bodies would utilize their time and resources in exploring other potential aspects of healthcare after the substantial enhancement of the patient safety culture in the hospital settings. The impact of the change upon professional practice and health service management The reduction in the pattern of adverse patient outcomes in the healthcare setting would reciprocally reduce the burnout frequency among the medical professionals (Hall, Johnson, Watt, Tsipa, OConnor, 2016). Burnout is a potential indicator of poor well-being. Therefore, reduction in the burnout rate of the overworked healthcare teams will potentially enhance their health and well-being across the hospital environment (Hall, Johnson, Watt, Tsipa, OConnor, 2016). Eventually, healthcare professionals will experience considerable enhancement in their cognitive functionality and reduction in the pattern of irritability, fatigue and depression. The enhanced well-being of medical professionals will reciprocally elevate the quality of healthcare interventions and associated patient outcomes (Hall, Johnson, Watt, Tsipa, OConnor, 2016). The establishment of patient safety culture in healthcare settings will facilitate the effective transfer of patient accountability for the treating physic ians as well as nurse professionals, particularly during the clinical handover (Eggins Slade, 2015). This will eventually improve the quality of health service management system and the resultant treatment outcomes. The improved pattern of communication between the healthcare professionals will substantially reduce the scope of medication errors and inadequate administration of treatment interventions (Eggins Slade, 2015). The reduced frequency of adverse patient outcomes will reciprocally decrease the length of patients stays in the hospital setting and reduce the occurrence of post treatment complications. The overall improvement in the quality of healthcare interventions will effectively stabilize the cost of healthcare management and reduce the burden of various communicable and chronic disease conditions across the community environment (Eggins Slade, 2015). The existing clinical literature presents a variety of observational studies and survey interventions undertaken with the objective of understanding the requirement of patient safety culture in the healthcare settings. However, the findings of these study interventions require further validation on a wider scale through quantitative studies for objectively exploring the pre-requisites of establishing a safe and protective environment for the treated patients. Medical professionals require undergoing periodic training sessions related to the systematic utilization of evidence in medical practice for enhancing the quality of treatment interventions and associated patient care outcomes. This will eventually modify their patient safety behaviour while concomitantly reducing the healthcare risks (for treated patients) and frequency of adverse treatment outcomes in the medical facilities. Conclusion Patient safety culture in the healthcare settings is determined by the behaviour, competencies, perceptions, attitudes and values of the medical professionals. The physicians, nurses, rehabilitation experts, healthcare managers and hospital administrators require enhancing the pattern of their communication and leadership qualities with the objective of administering patient-centred approaches while acknowledging their accountability towards establishing a safe and effective patient care environment across the medical facilities. The sustained reduction in the work burden of healthcare teams, development of electronic health records, clarity in clinical handover, proactive medical interventions and transparent utilization of data driven approaches include some of the significant measures warranting implementation for the establishment of patient safety culture in the clinical settings. References Alonazi, N. A., Alonazi, A. A., Saeed, E., Mohamed, S. (2016). The perception of safety culture among nurses in a tertiary hospital in Central Saudi Arabia. Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics, 16(2), 51-58. 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